8.+Glossary

__Glossary __
 **Agglomerates:** Process of gathering into a mass.
 * Adsorption: ** Adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a liquid, solid or gas to a surface.

**Alkyl Halides:** Chemical compounds which contain one or more halogens (group 17 elements from the periodic table of elements), derived from alkanes.

**Alkylation**: The shift of an alkyl group from one molecule to another. These alkyl groups may be transferred as an carbocation, a radical, or a carbanion.

**Aromatics**: Containing one or more benzene rings with alternating carbon-carbon double bonds.

**Brownian Motion:** Random movement of particles suspended in a fluid (liquid or gas).

**Carbonaceous:** A substance rich in carbon (i.e hydrocarbons).

**Catalyst:** A substance added to increase the rate of a chemical reaction. This substance is not consumed during the course of the reaction, rather it provides an alternative pathway for the reaction to proceed.

**Catalytic cracking:** The process where a catalyst is broken down into smaller molecules by breaking the carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule. This can form coke.

**Catalytic reforming:** A process used to convert naphthas (flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons), from a low octane rating to a high octane rating.

**Chemisorption:** Adhesion of chemical reactions occurring at an open surface.

**Coke:** Solid residue formed during high temperature reactions with carbon. This residue is chiefly carbon, with small amounts of hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. Coke can also consist of mineral matter from the original compound.

**Flue gas:** A gas that enters the atmosphere from a flue(a pipe or channel for directing exhaust gases).

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Fouling:** Deposit of unwanted materials on solid surfaces. These materials can consist of organic, inorganic, or even living organisms (biofouling).

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Gasification**: Gasification is a process that converts carbon based substances (i.e hydrocarbons), into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the substances at high temperatures with steam. This is a useful method for extracting energy from different organic materials.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Gasifying agent:** An agent used to help undergo gasification (i.e steam, oxygen,air).

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Hydrotreating processes:** Adding hydrogen to a process in order to remove impurities.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Organometallic**: Chemical compounds which contain bonds between carbon and a metal.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Particulates:** Small subdivisions of a liquid or solid suspended in a liquid or gas. Can also be called soot.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Pores:** A space in rock, soil, or unconsolidated sediment that is not occupied by mineral matter and that allows the passage or absorption of fluids.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Protonic:** Abundance of protons.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Pyrolysis:** Decomposition of an organic material at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Radicals:** Atoms, ions, or molecules with unpaired electrons on a open shell configuration. Radicals are derivatives of a molecule formed during steps in a chemical reaction.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Selectivity:** The preference shown by a reagent when attacking two or more substrates, or two or more positions on one substrate.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Sintering:** A process for making objects from powder, by heating the material below its melting point until its particles adhere to one another.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Soot:** Impure carbon molecules resulting from incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Steady state:** A process is considered steady state when all state variables are constant (Heat transfer, work, concentrations, reaction rates, etc.). The accumulation of state variables of a system at steady state is 0.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Thermal degradation:** Chemical degradation caused by heat.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Tortuosity:** A measure of the ratio between the diffusivity in a free space to the diffusivity in a porous medium. In other words, it means having many twists and turns.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Transient:** A process is considered to be transient if it's state variables are changing over time. i.e a reactor being started up.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Zeolites**: A porous structure that can accommodate many different cations. Only certain sized ions can pass through a zeolite, which helps separate molecules.