9.+References

__References __
flat

=Formation =

1. James C. Fu, Carmo J. Pereira. Design of a Monolith Catalyst for Fouling Resistance. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1998; 37 (2):388–390. DOI: 10.1021/ie960441k

2. Bartholomew, C. 2000. Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration. In: McGraw Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 54:58.

3. Bartholomew, C. 2001. Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation. Applied Catalysis. 212:17-60

=Deactivation Methods =

1. Trimm. D.L. 2001. The regeneration or disposal of deactivated heterogeneous catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General 212 p.153–160

 2. Bartholomew. C.H. 2001. Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation, Applied Catalysis A: General 212 p.17-60

 3. Gulsnet M., Magnoux P. .1997. Deactivation by coking of zeolite catalysts. Prevention of deactivation. Optimal conditions for regeneration, Catalysis Today 36 p.477-483

4. Satoshi Inagaki,ab Kazuyoshi Takechia and Yoshihiro Kubota. 2010. Selective formation of propylene by hexane cracking over MCM-68 zeolite catalyst, Chemical Communications, 46, (15) p.2662-2664

5. Ertl G., Knozinger H.,Weitkamp J. Trimm D. L.1997. Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 3. p. 1263

6. Ulla Lassi, 2003, Deactivation Correlations of Pd/Rh Three-way Catalysts Designed for Euro IV Emission Limits: Effect of Ageing Atmosphere, Temperature and Time [Internet]. [Cited 2010 November 25]. Available from:[]

=**Removal** =

1. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Trimm D.L. .2001. The regeneration or disposal of deactivated heterogeneous catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General 212 p.153–160

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> 2. Gulsnet M. Magnoux P. 1997 Deactivation by coking of zeolite catalysts. Prevention of deactivation. Optimal conditions for regeneration, Catalysis Today 36 p.477-483

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">3. Moljord K. Magnoux E. and Guisnet M. 1995. Coking, aging and regeneration of zeolites. Influence of the composition of HY zeolites on <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">the removal of coke through oxidative treatment Applied. Catalysis. A: General, 121 p.245-259

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">4. Walker Jr P.L, Rusinko Jr. F, Austin L.G. 1959. Gas Reactions of Carbon. Advances in Catalysis. 11 p.133-221

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">5. Bartholomew C.H. 2001. Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation, Applied Catalysis A: General 212 p.17-60 = =

=**<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">Prevention **=

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1. Dunleavy J, Matthey J. Final analysis: elimination of fouling in catalyst beds. Platinum Metals Review, 2005; 49 (3):156. DOI: 10.1595/174106705X57764

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2. Bartholomew, C. 2000. Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration. In: McGraw Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 54:58.

3. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Esther N. Ponzi, Mario C. Demicheli, Miriam E. Agnelli. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 1987; 26 (8):1704-1707. DOI: 10.1021/ie00068a037

= = =<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">Real World Examples =

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">1. Ward, J.W., Hydrocracking Processes and Catalysts. Fuel Processing Technology, 1993(35), 55-85.

2. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Habib, M.M., Winslow, P.L., Moore,R.O., Catalyst system for combines hydrotreating and hydrocracking and a process for upgrading hydrocarbonaceous feedstocks. United States Patent. August 8,1995. Patent Number: 5593570

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">3. Ternan,M., Parsons,B. High porosity catalyst.United States Patent. December 10, 1985. Patent Number: 4558031

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">4. Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R. 1998. Fouling of Catalysts. Fouling of Science and Technology. 351:366

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">5. Koike,T., Fujimoto,H., Two cycle engine provided with catalyst. United States Patent. July 13,1999. Patent number: 5921217.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">6. Bryant,K., Nice, K. How Catalytic Converters Work. November 8, 2000. [Cited on November 26, 2010]. Available from: [|http://auto.howstuffworks.com/catalytic-converter.htm]

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">7. Stedman, D. Catalytic Conerter [Internet]. [Cited November 26, 2010] Available from: []

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">8. Defective Clogged Catalytic Converter. [Cited November 23, 2010]. Available from: []

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">9. Hydrocracking clip art. [Cited November 23, 2010]. Available from: []

=<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">Coke =

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1. Bartholomew, C. 2001. Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation. Applied Catalysis. 212:17-60